Transcript lecture 15.ppt

Infrastructure
of Information
Systems for
BIS
PART 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 IS infrastructure and its benefits to business
 Building sustainable IS infrastructures
 Elements of computer hardware
 Elements of computer software
INFORMATION SYSTEMS INFRASTRUCTURE
IS infrastructure includes the plans for how a firm
will build, deploy, use, and share its data,
processes, and IS assets
 Hardware
 Software
 Network
 Client
 Server
BUSINESS BENEFITS
OF AN EFFECTIVE IS INFRASTRUCTURE
Supporting operations
 Information IS infrastructure
Supporting change
 Agile IS Infrastructure
Supporting the environment
 Sustainable IS infrastructure
SUPPORTING OPERATIONS
Backup and recovery
plan
Disaster recovery plan
Business continuity
plan
Backup & Recovery Plan
Backup – An exact copy of a system’s information
Recovery – The ability to get a system up and
running in the event of a system crash or failure
 Fault tolerance: back up and take over
 Failover: immediately redirect to backup server
 Failback: immediately return to restored server
 Disaster recovery plan - A detailed process for recovering
information or an IT system in the event of a catastrophic
disaster such as a fire or flood
 Hot site - A separate and fully equipped facility where
the company can move immediately after a disaster and
resume business
 Cold site - A separate facility that does not have any
computer equipment, but is a place where employees
can move in after a disaster
 Warm site – A separate facility with computer equipment
that requires installation and configuration
Business Continuity Plan
Business continuity planning (BCP) - A plan for
how an organization will recover and restore
partially or completely interrupted critical
function(s) within a predetermined time after a
disaster or extended disruption
Emergency notification services
SUPPORTING CHANGE:
AGILE IS INFRASTRUCTURE
Characteristics of an agile IS infrastructure
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Accessibility
Availability
Maintainability
Portability
Reliability
Scalability
Usability
Accessibility
Accessibility - Refers to the varying levels that
define what a user can access, view, or perform
when operating a system
Administrator access – Unrestricted access to the
entire system
Availability
Availability – Time frames when the system is
operational
Unavailable – Time frames when a system is not
operating and cannot be used
High availability – System is continuously
operational at all times
Maintainability
Maintainability – How quickly a system can
transform to support environmental changes
Organizations must watch today’s business, as well
as tomorrow’s, when designing and building
systems
Systems must be flexible enough to meet all types
of business changes
Portability
Portability – The ability of an application to
operate on different devices or software platforms
Reliability
Reliability - Ensures a system is functioning
correctly and providing accurate information
Reliability is another term for “accuracy” when
discussing the correctness of systems within the
context of efficiency IT metrics
Scalability
Scalability - How well a system can scale up, or
adapt to the increased demands of growth
Performance - Measures how quickly a system
performs a process or transaction
Capacity planning - Determines future
environmental infrastructure requirements to
ensure high-quality system performance
Usability
Usability – The degree
to which a system is
easy to learn and
efficient and satisfying
to use
IINFORMATION SYSTEMS
AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Moore’s Law - Refers to the computer chip performance
per dollar doubles every 18 months
Sustainable, or “green,” IS - Describes the production,
management, use, and disposal of technology in a way
that minimizes damage to the environment
Corporate social responsibility - Companies’
acknowledged responsibility to society
IS AND THE ENVIRONMENT . . .
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Three Primary Side Effects Of Businesses’
Expanded Use Of Technology
Increased Electronic Waste
E-waste : discarded,
obsolete or broken
electronic devices
Sustainable IS
disposal : safe
disposal of IS assets at
the end of their life
cycle
Increased Energy Consumption
Huge increases in technology use have greatly
amplified energy consumption
The energy consumed by a computer is estimated
to produce as much as 10 percent of the amount
of carbon dioxide produced by an automobile
Increased Carbon Emissions
The major human-generated greenhouse
gases, such as carbon emissions from energy
use, are very likely responsible for the increases
in climatic temperature over the past half a
century
When left on continuously, a single desktop
computer and monitor can consume at least 100
watts of power per hour
SUPPORTING THE ENVIRONMENT:
SUSTAINABLE I.S. INFRASTRUCTURE
The components of a sustainable IS infrastructure
include
 Grid computing
 Cloud computing
 Virtualized computing
Grid Computing
 A collection of computers, often geographically
dispersed, that are coordinated to solve a
common problem
Cloud Computing
 The use of resources and applications hosted
remotely on the Internet
Cloud Computing Services
Virtualized Computing
 Create multiple “virtual” machines on a
single computing device
 Information technology (IT) - Any computer-based tool that
people use to work with information and support the
information and information-processing needs of an
organization
 Hardware - Consists of the physical devices associated with a
computer system: input, output, storage, and
communication devices
 Software - The set of instructions that the hardware
executes to carry out specific tasks :Operating system
software, Utility software, Application software
INFOMATON
TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
HARDWARE
BASICS
HARDWARE BASICS
Internal Workings of Personal Computer
Hard
disk
drive
Floppy
disk
drive
CPU
board
with
fan
RAM
 Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor) - The
actual hardware that interprets and executes the program
(software) instructions and coordinates how all the other
hardware devices work together
 Control unit - Interprets software instructions and literally tells
the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software
instructions
 Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) - Performs all arithmetic operations
(for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations
(such as sorting and comparing numbers)
 Registers – Primary storages in CPU
CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Control unit
 Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
 Registers
Central Processing Unit (CPU) …
Speed of A CPU
The number of CPU cycles per second determines
the speed of a CPU
 Megahertz (MHz) - The number of millions of CPU cycles
per second
 Gigahertz (GHz) - The number of billions of CPU cycles per
second
CPU Speed Factors
How the CPU Works
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Binary form
Machine instruction cycle
Clock speed
Word length
Bus width
Line width
Of Bits and Bytes
Processing . . .
 Binary digit (bit) - The smallest unit of information that a
computer can process
 Byte - A group of 8 bits representing one natural language
character
 Binary Codes
 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) : 8 bits
 EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange
Code ) : 16 bits
 Unicode : 32 bits and more
Ports
Serial Port
Parallel Port
Map of Motherboard
CLOCK
ROM
RAM
PORT
PORT
PORT
PORT
I/O
CONTROLLER
CONTROL BUS
ADDRESS BUS
DATA BUS
DMA
CONTROLLER
CPU
DMA = Direct Memory Access
Complex instruction set computer (CISC) chip - Type
of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or more
instructions, enough to carry out most computations
directly
Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chip - Limit
the number of instructions the CPU can execute to
increase processing speed
Virtualization - A protected memory space created
by the CPU allowing the computer to create virtual
machines
Advances in CPU
Design
Part 2 of same topic
will be in next lecture