QUANTIFICATION OF SMITHING ACTIVITIES BASED ON THE INVESTIGATION OF SLAG AND OTHER MATERIAL REMAINS Vincent Serneels Sébastien Perret Mineralogy and Petrography Departement of Geoscience University of Fribourg Switzerland vincent.serneels@unifr.ch sebastien.perret@unifr.ch www.unifr.ch/mineral/archmet.
Download ReportTranscript QUANTIFICATION OF SMITHING ACTIVITIES BASED ON THE INVESTIGATION OF SLAG AND OTHER MATERIAL REMAINS Vincent Serneels Sébastien Perret Mineralogy and Petrography Departement of Geoscience University of Fribourg Switzerland vincent.serneels@unifr.ch sebastien.perret@unifr.ch www.unifr.ch/mineral/archmet.
Slide 1
QUANTIFICATION OF SMITHING ACTIVITIES
BASED ON THE INVESTIGATION OF SLAG
AND OTHER MATERIAL REMAINS
Vincent Serneels
Sébastien Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography
Departement of Geoscience
University of Fribourg
Switzerland
vincent.serneels@unifr.ch
sebastien.perret@unifr.ch
www.unifr.ch/mineral/archmet
Slide 2
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Production line :
Sequence of technical steps from the raw material to
the finished object.
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 3
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Natural ore
Extraction
Refuse
Extracted ore
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 4
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Natural ore
Extraction
Refuse
Extracted ore
Processing
Refuse
Concentrated ore
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 5
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Natural ore
Extraction
Refuse
Extracted ore
Processing
Refuse
Concentrated ore
Reduction
Slag
Raw iron
Direct method of reduction :
• Bloomery process
• Solid state
• FeO + CO
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Fe + CO2
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 6
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Natural ore
Extraction
Refuse
Extracted ore
Processing
Refuse
Concentrated ore
Reduction
Slag
Raw iron
Direct method of reduction :
• Bloomery process
• Solid state
• FeO + CO Fe + CO2
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 7
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Natural ore
Extraction
Refuse
Extracted ore
Processing
Refuse
Concentrated ore
Reduction
Slag
Raw iron
• Welding
Smithing
Slag
Finished object
V. Serneels, S. Perret
• Plastic deformation
(hammering / heating)
• Heat treatment
(annealing / quenching)
• Control of oxydation / carburization
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 8
Smithing
Smithing depends on :
Physical characteristics :
• Quality of the metal
• Compact / homogenous
bar iron
• Uncompacted / heterogeneous
bloom iron
• Small pieces
scrap
Chemistry :
• % carbon
• % other elements :
P, S, N, Mn, Ni, 0...
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 9
Smithing
Smithing depends on :
Kind of object :
• Quality of the metal
• Simple
nail
• Complex
composite blade
iron + steel
• Type of object to
produce
Size of object :
• Small
nail
knife
axe
• Large
anchor
10 g
100 g
1000 g
10000 g
Sharpening, polishing, decoration
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 10
Smithing
Smithing depends on :
Qualification :
• Quality of the metal
• Heat treatments
• Type of object to
produce
• Know-how of the
smith
V. Serneels, S. Perret
- annealing
- quenching
• Welding
• etc...
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 11
Smithing slags
Contribution to slag
formation :
Formation of a slag rich in iron
oxides :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Related to time / temperature
• Related to the size of the section
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 12
Smithing slags
Contribution to slag
formation :
Formation of a slag rich in iron
oxides :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Related to time / temperature
• Related to the size of the section
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 13
Smithing slags
Contribution to slag
formation :
Formation of a slag with iron
particles :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Poorly consolidated
metal
Fe
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 14
Smithing slags
Contribution to slag
formation :
Formation of a slag rich in silica :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Poorly consolidated
metal
Fe
• Use of flux
SiO2
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 15
Smithing slags
Contribution to slag
formation :
Other elements participate with
various chemical elements :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Poorly consolidated
metal
Fe
• Use of flux
SiO2
• Other effects
K2O, CaO,
SiO2 , Al2O3...
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 16
Smithing slags
PCB : Plano-convex
bottom slags
• Characteristic
morphology
• Most typical
smithing residue
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 17
Smithing slags
PCB : Plano-convex
bottom slags
• Characteristic
morphology
• 1 cooling structure
Formed between lighthing and
extinguishing of the fire
• Most typical
smithing residue
•
1 unit of work
1 day ?
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 18
Smithing slags
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and
weight
Ø
h
weight
5 cm
1 cm
50 gr
Normal
15 cm
3 cm
300 gr
Large
30 cm
10 cm
3000gr
Small
As a general rule :
The weight is proportional to the
quantity of work
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 19
Smithing slags
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and
weight
• Shape
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 20
Smithing slags
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and
weight
• Shape
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 21
Smithing slags
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and
weight
• Shape
• Composition
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 22
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 23
Smithing slags
PCB : Plano-convex bottom slags
• Weight of PCB
=
quantity of work
• Composition of PCB
=
Type of work
Assembly of PCBs
activity of a workshop
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 24
Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 25
Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 26
Vincent Serneels
Sébastien Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography
Departement of Geoscience
University of Fribourg
Switzerland
vincent.serneels@unifr.ch
sebastien.perret@unifr.ch
www.unifr.ch/mineral/archmet
QUANTIFICATION OF SMITHING ACTIVITIES
BASED ON THE INVESTIGATION OF SLAG
AND OTHER MATERIAL REMAINS
Vincent Serneels
Sébastien Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography
Departement of Geoscience
University of Fribourg
Switzerland
vincent.serneels@unifr.ch
sebastien.perret@unifr.ch
www.unifr.ch/mineral/archmet
Slide 2
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Production line :
Sequence of technical steps from the raw material to
the finished object.
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 3
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Natural ore
Extraction
Refuse
Extracted ore
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 4
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Natural ore
Extraction
Refuse
Extracted ore
Processing
Refuse
Concentrated ore
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 5
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Natural ore
Extraction
Refuse
Extracted ore
Processing
Refuse
Concentrated ore
Reduction
Slag
Raw iron
Direct method of reduction :
• Bloomery process
• Solid state
• FeO + CO
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Fe + CO2
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 6
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Natural ore
Extraction
Refuse
Extracted ore
Processing
Refuse
Concentrated ore
Reduction
Slag
Raw iron
Direct method of reduction :
• Bloomery process
• Solid state
• FeO + CO Fe + CO2
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 7
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Natural ore
Extraction
Refuse
Extracted ore
Processing
Refuse
Concentrated ore
Reduction
Slag
Raw iron
• Welding
Smithing
Slag
Finished object
V. Serneels, S. Perret
• Plastic deformation
(hammering / heating)
• Heat treatment
(annealing / quenching)
• Control of oxydation / carburization
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 8
Smithing
Smithing depends on :
Physical characteristics :
• Quality of the metal
• Compact / homogenous
bar iron
• Uncompacted / heterogeneous
bloom iron
• Small pieces
scrap
Chemistry :
• % carbon
• % other elements :
P, S, N, Mn, Ni, 0...
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 9
Smithing
Smithing depends on :
Kind of object :
• Quality of the metal
• Simple
nail
• Complex
composite blade
iron + steel
• Type of object to
produce
Size of object :
• Small
nail
knife
axe
• Large
anchor
10 g
100 g
1000 g
10000 g
Sharpening, polishing, decoration
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 10
Smithing
Smithing depends on :
Qualification :
• Quality of the metal
• Heat treatments
• Type of object to
produce
• Know-how of the
smith
V. Serneels, S. Perret
- annealing
- quenching
• Welding
• etc...
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 11
Smithing slags
Contribution to slag
formation :
Formation of a slag rich in iron
oxides :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Related to time / temperature
• Related to the size of the section
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 12
Smithing slags
Contribution to slag
formation :
Formation of a slag rich in iron
oxides :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Related to time / temperature
• Related to the size of the section
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 13
Smithing slags
Contribution to slag
formation :
Formation of a slag with iron
particles :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Poorly consolidated
metal
Fe
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 14
Smithing slags
Contribution to slag
formation :
Formation of a slag rich in silica :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Poorly consolidated
metal
Fe
• Use of flux
SiO2
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 15
Smithing slags
Contribution to slag
formation :
Other elements participate with
various chemical elements :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Poorly consolidated
metal
Fe
• Use of flux
SiO2
• Other effects
K2O, CaO,
SiO2 , Al2O3...
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 16
Smithing slags
PCB : Plano-convex
bottom slags
• Characteristic
morphology
• Most typical
smithing residue
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 17
Smithing slags
PCB : Plano-convex
bottom slags
• Characteristic
morphology
• 1 cooling structure
Formed between lighthing and
extinguishing of the fire
• Most typical
smithing residue
•
1 unit of work
1 day ?
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 18
Smithing slags
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and
weight
Ø
h
weight
5 cm
1 cm
50 gr
Normal
15 cm
3 cm
300 gr
Large
30 cm
10 cm
3000gr
Small
As a general rule :
The weight is proportional to the
quantity of work
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 19
Smithing slags
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and
weight
• Shape
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 20
Smithing slags
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and
weight
• Shape
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 21
Smithing slags
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and
weight
• Shape
• Composition
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 22
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 23
Smithing slags
PCB : Plano-convex bottom slags
• Weight of PCB
=
quantity of work
• Composition of PCB
=
Type of work
Assembly of PCBs
activity of a workshop
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 24
Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 25
Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland
V. Serneels, S. Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Slide 26
Vincent Serneels
Sébastien Perret
Mineralogy and Petrography
Departement of Geoscience
University of Fribourg
Switzerland
vincent.serneels@unifr.ch
sebastien.perret@unifr.ch
www.unifr.ch/mineral/archmet