Transcript Introduction to Information Technology Mind Tools for Your

Introduction to
Information
Technology
Chapter 1
Concept of Information Technology
Information Technology

Information Technology (IT) entails all aspects of managing and processing
information. Information Technology includes any and all hardware, software, and
data used to create, store, process, and communicate information electronically as
well as services that are utilized to maintain operations of resources.
Purpose of Information Technology ‫اغراض‬
There are many purposes of IT. IT is used  To improve operations of any organization/individual by utilizing technology as the
underling tool to improve the processing and dissemination of information.
 in helping organizations achieve profitable results and keep competitive forces in
check.
 in optimizing effectiveness and efficiency of processes within the industry it is used,
whether education, business, science etc.
 to solve problems.
Introduction to Information Technology
( ‫تكنولوجيا المعلومات‬IT) ‫ والبيانات‬،‫ والبرمجيات‬،‫ وتشمل تكنولوجيا المعلومات أي وجميع األجهزة‬.‫ينطوي على جميع جوانب إدارة ومعالجة المعلومات‬
.‫ فضال عن الخدمات التي تستخدم للحفاظ على عمليات الموارد‬،‫المستخدمة إلنشاء وتخزين ومعالجة ونقل المعلومات إلكترونيا‬
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Functions of Information Technology
Provide supporting information to assist managers in making strategic
decisions ‫توفير المعلومات الداعمة لمساعدة المديرين في اتخاذ القرارات االستراتيجية‬
 Provide effective communication ‫توفير االتصال الفعال‬
 Allows the effective Management of Information – capturing, generation,
storage, retrieval and transmission of information
 ‫ التقاط وتوليد وتخزين واسترجاع ونقل المعلومات‬- ‫يسمح لإلدارة الفعالة للمعلومات‬
Benefits of Information Technology ‫فوائد تقنية المعلومات‬

Speed: The processing of transactions is carried out at high speeds. The ability
of computers to perform information processing in fractions of a second
primarily facilitates high processing speed. For example computers are able to
perform complex mathematical calculation within milliseconds.

‫ قدرة أجهزة الكمبيوتر ألداء معالجة المعلومات في أجزاء من الثانية يسهل المقام‬.‫ ويتم تجهيز المعامالت خارج بسرعات عالية‬:‫السرعة‬
.‫ على سبيل المثال أجهزة الكمبيوتر قادرة على أداء العمليات الحسابية المعقدة داخل ميلي ثانية‬.‫األول ارتفاع سرعة المعالجة‬

Consistency: Once a computer has been given the correct instructions to
execute a specific command, that command will be executed consistently
without variation each time. For example the addition of the two numbers one
(1) and five (5) will result in the answer six (6) each time the addition is carried
out. ‫ وسيتم تنفيذ هذا األمر باستمرار دون االختالف‬،‫ مرة واحدة وقد تم إعطاء الكمبيوتر تعليمات الصحيح لتنفيذ أمر معين‬:‫االتساق‬
.‫) في كل مرة يتم إضافة الخروج‬6( ‫) سيؤدي في جواب ستة‬5( ‫) وخمسة‬1( ‫ على سبيل المثال إضافة واحد رقمين‬.‫في كل مرة‬
Introduction to Information Technology
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Contd…..
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Storage: A computer can transfer data quickly from storage to memory process
it and then store it again for future use.
.‫ كمبيوتر يمكن نقل البيانات بسرعة من عملية التخزين إلى الذاكرة ومن ثم تخزينها مرة أخرى الستخدامها في المستقبل‬:‫التخزين‬
Reliability: Computer systems provide reliability by ensuring consistency,
speed and precision in the execution of tasks. Additionally, computers can
carry out human related tasks with greater efficiency and minimized error.
‫ باإلضافة إلى‬.‫ أنظمة الحاسوب توفير الموثوقية من خالل ضمان االتساق والسرعة والدقة في تنفيذ المهام‬:‫الموثوقية‬
.‫ يمكن ألجهزة الكمبيوتر القيام بمهام اإلنسان ذات الصلة مع زيادة الكفاءة والتقليل من الخطأ‬،‫ذلك‬
Communications: Most Computers today can communicate with other
computers without wires.
 .‫ معظم أجهزة الكمبيوتر اليوم يمكن التواصل مع أجهزة الكمبيوتر األخرى من دون أسالك‬:‫االتصاالت‬
Application of Information Technology‫تطبيق تقنية المعلومات‬
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Tourism Industry ‫صناعة السياحة‬
Edutainment
Business
Architecture ‫هندسة معمارية‬
Education ‫تعليم‬
Entertainment
Science
Personal computing etc.
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Computer

It is an Electronics Device which performs Arithmetic's and Logical
operations.
.‫وهو جهاز لإللكترونيات الذي ينفذ في الحسابي والعمليات المنطقية‬
A machine that accepts input (raw data), processes that input, and
produces output (information).

.)‫ وتنتج المخرجات (المعلومات‬،‫والجهاز الذي يقبل إدخال (البيانات الخام) والعمليات التي المدخالت‬
Introduction to Information Technology
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1.2 The “All-Purpose Machine”:
The Varieties of Computers
‫إن أصناف من أجهزة الكمبيوتر‬
1. Supercomputers
3. Workstations
4. Microcomputers
5. Microcontrollers
Introduction to Information Technology
2. Mainframes
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Fastest computer
Can cost one million to 350
million dollars
looks like rows of refrigeratorsize boxes
Consists of thousands of
processors and can carry out
several trillion calculations per
second.

‫يتكون من آالف من المعالجات ويمكن تنفيذ العديد‬
.‫من تريليون عملية حسابية في الثانية الواحدة‬

Used for computer simulations
‫استخدام المحاكاة الحاسوبية لـ‬
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
tracking hurricanes, biological
contamination, or
understanding ocean currents.
 ‫ أو‬،‫ التلوث البيولوجي‬،‫األعاصير تتبع‬
.‫تيارات المحيطات التفاهم‬
Introduction to Information Technology
Supercomputers
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Small mainframes (mid-size computers or minicomputers).
5,000 to 5 million dollars
Used in large organizations – banks, airlines, insurance companies,
colleges.
Processes billions of instructions per second.
Often used with a terminal.
.)‫كبيرة صغيرة (أجهزة الكمبيوتر متوسطة الحجم أو متوسطة‬
‫ ماليين دوالر‬5 ‫ إلى‬5،000
.‫ البنوك وشركات الطيران وشركات التأمين والكليات‬- ‫المستخدمة في المنظمات الكبيرة‬
.‫بمعالجة المليارات من التعليمات في الثانية الواحدة‬
.‫غالبا ما تستخدم مع المحطة‬
Introduction to Information Technology
Mainframes
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Workstations
usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and
engineering calculations and for computer-aided design

‫ والهندسية المعقدة والتصميم بمساعدة الكمبيوتر‬،‫ الرياضية‬،‫وعادة ما تستخدم إلجراء العمليات الحسابية العلمية‬

Example: designing airplanes, special effects in movies

‫ والمؤثرات الخاصة في أفالم‬،‫ تصميم الطائرات‬:‫مثال‬
Introduction to Information Technology
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Microcomputer
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Personal Computer (PC)
PC
 Desktop PC
 Laptop / Notebook
 Personal digital assistants
(PDAs), also called
handheld computers or
palmtops

Mac
 While
a Mac is a PC, most
people relate the term, PC,
with systems that run the
Windows operating system.
Introduction to Information Technology
 Tower
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Personal Digital Assistant
Laptop computer
Introduction to Information Technology
Other types of microcomputers.
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Servers
The
word “server” refers to how a computer is used.
.‫في "الخادم" كلمة تشير إلى كيفية استخدام جهاز كمبيوتر‬
Server - a central computer that holds collections of data & programs for
clients
‫ كمبيوتر المركزية التي تتولى مجموعات من البيانات والبرامج للعمالء‬- ‫الخادم‬
‫ملقم‬
- PCs, workstations, & other devices attached to a server
‫ وأجهزة أخرى موصولة إلى‬،‫ ومحطات العمل‬،‫ أجهزة الكمبيوتر‬- ‫عمالء‬
Server
‫الخادم‬
+ Clients linked together form a client/server network
/ ‫ عمالء مرتبطة تشكل معا شبكة العميل‬+ ‫الخادم‬
Introduction to Information Technology
Clients
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Unit
Abbreviation
Size (bytes)
bit
b
1/8
byte
B
1
kilobyte
KB
210 = 1024
megabyte
MB
220 = 1,048,576
gigabyte
GB
230 = 1,073,741,824
terabyte
TB
240 = 1,099,511,627,776
petabyte
PB
250 = 1,125,899,906,842,624
Introduction to Information Technology
Units of Size
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Hardware
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All the machinery and equipment in a computer system

‫جميع اآلالت والمعدات في نظام الكمبيوتر‬
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Tangible‫ملموس‬
Software
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All the instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task

Intangible‫غير الملموسة‬
Introduction to Information Technology
Computers consist of hardware and
software..‫تتكون أجهزة الكمبيوتر من األجهزة والبرمجيات‬
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All computers follow the same five
basic operations. ‫جميع أجهزة الكمبيوتر اتبع‬
1.
Input
2.
Processing
3.
Storage
4.
Output
5.
Communications
Introduction to Information Technology
.‫نفس خمس عمليات أساسية‬
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Keyboard
Mouse
Introduction to Information Technology
Input
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Processing
- Manipulating data into information
‫ التالعب البيانات إلى معلومات‬-
Case or system cabinet
 the
box that houses
the processor chip
(CPU – Central Processing Unit)
 memory chips (RAM)
 motherboard with power supply
 secondary storage devices
 video card
 Etc. …..
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Motherboard
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Motherboard - the main
circuit board in the
computer.
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Everything else attaches
to the motherboard
through connections
called ports.
‫كل شيء آخر تعلقها على اللوحة األم من خالل وصالت‬
.‫تسمى الموانئ‬
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Expansion slots - “plugs”
on the motherboard for
expanding the PC’s
capabilities via additional
circuit boards.
‫ "المقابس" على اللوحة األم لتوسيع‬- ‫فتحات التوسعة‬
.‫قدرات الكمبيوتر الشخصي عبر لوحات الدوائر إضافية‬
Introduction to Information Technology
.‫ لوحة الدائرة الرئيسية في الكمبيوتر‬- ‫اللوحة األم‬
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Processing
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Back
Processor chip
A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature
electronic circuits.
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.‫قطعة صغيرة من السيليكون التي تحتوي على الماليين من الدوائر اإللكترونية المصغرة‬
Introduction to Information Technology
Front
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Storage
Primary storage
 Computer
circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting
to be processed and after it has been processed
‫الدوائر الكمبيوتر التي تحمل البيانات مؤقتا في انتظار أن تتم معالجتها وبعد أن تم معالجتها‬
 Also
called:
Memory or primary memory : location of data on
which computation is performed. It is two type  .‫ موقع البيانات التي يتم تنفيذ الحساب‬, ‫النوع الثاني‬
 RAM – Random Access Memory : It is volatile
memory (Temporary storage)
 ROM – Read Only Memory : It is non-volatile
memory

Introduction to Information Technology
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Memory chips
Introduction to Information Technology
RAM
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Secondary storage
area in the computer where data or
information is held permanently
‫منطقة في الكمبيوتر حيث يقام بيانات أو معلومات بشكل دائم‬
 Also simply called:
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Storage
Introduction to Information Technology
 The
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Storage capacity is measured in:
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1 byte - 1 character is represented using 1 byte.
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1 kilobyte - 1,024 characters.
= 210 bytes (approx. 103 bytes)
1 megabyte - 1,048,576 characters.
= 220 bytes (approx. 106 bytes)
1 gigabyte - more than 1 billion characters.
= 230 bytes (approx. 109 bytes)

1 terabyte - more than 1 trillion characters.
= 240 bytes (approx. 1012 bytes)
Introduction to Information Technology
= 8 bits (a bit is a 0 or a 1)
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Zip disk
Introduction to Information Technology
Storage
Floppy disk
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Hard-disk drive
Introduction to Information Technology
Storage
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CD drive
Introduction to Information Technology
Storage
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Flash Memory Sticks
Introduction to Information Technology
Storage
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Speakers
Introduction to Information Technology
Output
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Sound card
Introduction to Information Technology
Speaker output requires a sound
card.
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Monitor
Introduction to Information Technology
Output
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Introduction to Information Technology
A video card controls the video
display of your monitor.
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Printer
Introduction to Information Technology
Output
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Introduction to Information Technology
Communications
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Introduction to Information Technology
Put all the hardware together and…
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System software
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Helps the computer
perform essential
operating tasks and
enables the
application software
to run
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‫يساعد الكمبيوتر أداء مهام التشغيل األساسية‬
‫ويتيح البرنامج لتشغيل التطبيق‬
Introduction to Information Technology
You still need the software!
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Application software
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Enables you to
perform specific
tasks--solve
problems, perform
work, or entertain
yourself

،‫ حل المشاكل‬- ‫تمكنك من أداء مهام محددة‬
‫ أو ترفيه عن نفسك‬،‫وأداء العمل‬
Introduction to Information Technology
You still need the software!
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Concept of Data
The purpose of a computer is to process data into
information.
 Data
The raw facts and figures that are processed into information.
Information
•
•
The Processed Data is known as Information.
Data that has been summarized or otherwise manipulated for
use in decision making.
Record : Collection Data is known as Record.
File : Collection of record to store at a place is known as file.
Knowledge : Knowledge is the appropriate collection of information,
such that it's intent is to be useful. Knowledge is a deterministic
process. When someone "memorizes" information, then they have
collective knowledge. This knowledge has useful meaning to them.
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Characteristics of information‫خصائص المعلومات‬
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Accurate, clear, timely, complete yet concise ‫ تكتمل بعد موجزة‬،‫ في الوقت المناسب‬،‫ واضحة‬،‫دقيقة‬
receiver has confidence in it‫المتلقي لديه الثقة‬
appropriate channel, given to right person, should not be excessive
‫ ويجب أن ال يكون مبالغا فيه‬،‫ بالنظر إلى الشخص المناسب‬،‫القناة المناسبة‬
cost effective ‫فعالة من حيث التكلفة‬
must have a purpose, relevant for the purpose (user related)
)‫ ذات الصلة لغرض (المتعلقة المستخدم‬،‫يجب أن يكون الغرض‬
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1.
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An operating system (O/S), affects the control and
performance of a computer system.
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( ‫نظام التشغيل‬O / S).‫ ويؤثر على السيطرة وأداء نظام الكمبيوتر‬،

Controls hardware. Tells computer what to do and how
to do it..‫ يقول الكمبيوتر ما يجب القيام به وكيفية القيام بذلك‬.‫ضوابط األجهزة‬
Provides the user interface between user and computer
hardware (h/w)..)‫ ث‬/ ‫يوفر واجهة المستخدم بين المستخدم وأجهزة الكمبيوتر (ح‬
The operating system is a set of programs residing in
main memory (RAM) which directs all computer
operations.
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( ‫نظام التشغيل هو مجموعة من البرامج المقيمة في الذاكرة الرئيسية‬RAM) .‫التي توجه جميع العمليات الحاسوبية‬
Introduction to Information Technology
Operating System
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Control/Co-ordinate/configure the various devices. (i.e. To Make sure that
fast devices do not have to wait for slow ones and that the computer as a
whole works efficiently).
Control the allocation and utilisation of shared resources (e.g. CPU time,
storage space, I/O devices).
Start up or boot up the computer.
Protect the hardware and software from improper use. Maintain system
integrity.
Deal with errors.
Keep records/statistics of programs run - date, time, cost, use of resources
etc. (Monitor performance)
Send and receive messages
Provide for the management, scheduling and interaction of tasks.
Administer security
Control a network
Establish an internet connection
Provide file management and other utilities
Introduction to Information Technology
Functions of Operating system
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Software
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It is a program ie. Set of instructions which drive the hardware.
Collection of machine interpretable instructions that define the
activities related to performing a specific task by computer. (i.e. tell
computer what to do).
.‫مجموعة من اإلرشادات آلة التأويل التي تحدد األنشطة المتصلة أداء مهمة معينة عن طريق الكمبيوتر‬
.)‫(أي ما أقول الكمبيوتر أن يفعل‬
Types of Software
The software's are two types –
System Software - System software consists of the programs that
control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices
‫يتكون برنامج النظام من البرامج التي تتحكم أو الحفاظ على عمليات الكمبيوتر وأجهزتها‬

Application software - Application software are defined to fulfil a
specific set of activities. E.g. Accounting, banking, Hospital,
University etc.
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،‫ على سبيل المثال المحاسبة‬.- ‫يتم تعريف تطبيق البرمجيات لتحقيق مجموعة محددة من األنشطة‬
‫ جامعة الخ‬،‫ مستشفى‬،‫واألعمال المصرفية‬
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Introduction to Information Technology
Thank you
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
What are the five sizes of computers from
largest to smallest?

Supercomputer, mainframe, workstation,
microcomputer, microcontroller
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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What is the term for a computer used to hold
collections of data and programs for connecting
PCs, workstations, and other devices?

Server
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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Concept Check
What are the five basic operations that
computers have in common?
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Input, processing, storage, output, and
communications
Introduction to Information Technology
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Concept Check
Which type of storage is composed of computer
circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be
processed?

Primary storage (memory)
Introduction to Information Technology
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What computer device consists of electronic
circuitry that executes instructions to process
data?

CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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Are RAM chips used for primary or secondary
storage?
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Primary - they’re also called memory chips.
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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What is the name of the main circuit board in the
computer, to which everything else is attached
via connections called ports?

Motherboard
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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How many characters can be represented by a
byte? A kilobyte?

A byte represents a single character; 1, 024
characters make a kilobyte
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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What is the name for the unit of storage capacity
representing one billion characters?
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One gigabyte
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Concept Check
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What is the name for any component or piece of
equipment that expands a computer’s input,
storage, and/or output capabilities? A zip-disk
drive is an example of this type of component.

Peripheral device
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Concept Check
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What type of software includes the operating
system and the master control program that runs
the computer?

System software
Introduction to Information Technology
Concept Check
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