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Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria AP Biology Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya 2007-2008 Common ancestor Animal Characteristics Heterotrophs must ingest others for nutrients Multicellular complex bodies No cell walls allows active movement Sexual reproduction no alternation of generations no haploid gametophyte AP Biology Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges jellyfish Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms redundancy, segmentation specialization, mobility insects spiders starfish Chordata vertebrates body & brain backbone size, mobility body size endoskeleton coelom digestive sys radial body cavity body complexity digestive & repro sys bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist distinct body plan; cephalization specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity bilateral Body Cavity Space for organ system development increase digestive & reproductive systems increase food capacity & digestion increase gamete production Coelem mesoderm & endoderm interact during development allows complex structures to develop in digestive system ex. Stomach CLICK FOR VIDEO AP Biology acoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoel coelomate ectoderm mesoderm coelom cavity endoderm protostome vs. deuterostome What’s the most complex problem in biology? AP Biology 2004-2005 The most complex problem How to get from here to there AP Biology 2004- Egg zygote morula AP Biology 2004- Egg morula blastula Blastula formation successive divisions result in a blastula hollow single-layered sphere enclosing a space = blastocoel AP Biology 2004- AP Biology 2004- Early embryonic stages Morula solid ball stage Blastula hollow fluid-filled ball stage by time human embryo reaches uterus Gastrula AP Biology development of primitive digestive tract (gut) & tissue layers 2004- Gastrulation zygote blastula gastrula How you looked as a blastula… AP Biology 2004- Gastrulation zygote blastula gastrula AP Biology rearranges the blastula to form 3-layered embryo with a primitive gut 2004- Gastrulation archenteron: forms endoderm embryonic gut blastopore: forms at sperm penetration point mesoderm dorsal lip: organizing center for development tissue formation AP Biology 2004- Primary tissue or “germ” layers ectoderm external surfaces: skin epidermis (skin); nails, hair & glands; tooth enamel; eye lens; epithelial lining of nose, mouth & rectum; nervous system endoderm internal lining epithelial lining of digestive tract & respiratory systems; reproductive system & urinary tract; digestive organs mesoderm middle tissues: muscle, blood & bone notochord; skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, AP Biology excretory & reproductive systems; lining of body cavity 2004- Basic body plan Archenteron becomes embryonic gut mouth at one end anus at the other Protostomes “1st mouth” blastopore = mouth invertebrates Deuterostomes AP Biology “2nd mouth” blastopore = anus echinoderms & vertebrates 2004- Invertebrate: Porifera Sponges no distinct tissues or organs do have specialized cells no symmetry sessile (as adults) AP Biology food taken into each cell by endocytosis Invertebrate: Cnidaria Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral tissues, but no organs polyp two cell layers radial symmetry predators tentacles surround gut opening extracellular digestion release enzymes AP Biology into gut cavity absorption by cells lining gut medusa Stinging cells of Cnidarians mouth tentacles sensory cell stinging cell hydra trigger stinging cell with nematocyst AP Biology discharged nematocyst undischarged nematocyst Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes Flatworms tapeworm, planaria mostly parasitic bilaterally symmetrical have right & left & then have head (anterior) end & posterior end Animals now cephalization = development of brain face the world concentration of sense organs in head head on! increase specialization in body plan ectoderm AP Biology acoelomate mesoderm endoderm Invertebrate: Nematoda Roundworms bilaterally symmetrical body cavity C. elegans pseudocoelom = simple body cavity digestive system tube running through length of body (mouth to anus) many are parasitic hookworm AP Biology Invertebrate: Mollusca Mollusks slugs, snails, clams, squid bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions) soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells true coelem increases complexity & specialization of internal organs AP Biology Invertebrate: Annelida Segmented worms earthworms, leeches segments increase mobility redundancy in body sections AP Biology bilaterally symmetrical true coelem fan worm leech Invertebrate: Arthropoda Spiders, insects, crustaceans most successful animal phylum bilaterally symmetrical segmented specialized segments allows jointed appendages exoskeleton chitin + protein AP Biology Arthropod groups arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp AP Biology insects 6 legs, 3 body parts Invertebrate: Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber AP Biology radially symmetrical as adults spiny endoskeleton loss of bilateral symmetry? deuterostome Invertebrate quick check… Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Which group is the sponges? Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms? Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? Which two groups have radial symmetry? What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry? AP Biology Which group has no symmetry? Chordata Vertebrates fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals internal bony becomes gills or skeleton Eustachian tube backbone encasing spinal column skull-encased brain AP Biology deuterostome hollow dorsal nerve cord becomes brai & spinal cord pharyngeal pouches postanal becomes tail tail or tailbone becomes vertebrae notochord 450 mya salmon, trout, sharks Vertebrates: Fish Characteristics body structure bony & cartilaginous skeleton jaws & paired appendages (fins) scales body function gills for gas exchange two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation ectotherms reproduction external fertilization external development in AP Biology aquatic egg body gills Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods Humerus Femur Pelvis Tibia Ulna Shoulder Radius Lobe-finned fish Fibula Pelvis Femur Humerus Tibia Fibula AP Biology Early amphibian Ulna Shoulder Radius 350 mya frogs salamanders toads Vertebrates: Amphibian Characteristics lung body structure legs (tetrapods) moist skin buccal cavity glottis closed body function lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange three-chambered heart; veins from lungs back to heart ectotherms reproduction external fertilization external development in aquatic egg metamorphosis (tadpole to adult) AP Biology 250 mya Vertebrates: Reptiles Characteristics dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile body structure dry skin, scales, armor body function lungs for gas exchange thoracic breathing; negative pressure three-chambered heart ectotherms leathery reproduction shell embryo amnion internal fertilization external development in amniotic egg chorion AP Biology allantois yolk sac 150 mya Vertebrates: Birds (Aves) finches, hawk ostrich, turkey Characteristics body structure feathers & wings thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton body function very efficient lungs & air sacs four-chambered heart endotherms reproduction internal fertilization external development in amniotic egg AP Biology trachea lung anterior air sacs posterior air sacs 220 mya / 65 mya Vertebrates: Mammals Characteristics body structure hair specialized teeth mice, ferret elephants, bats whales, humans body function muscles contract lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure four-chambered heart diaphragm endotherms contracts reproduction internal fertilization internal development in uterus nourishment through placenta birth live young mammary glands make milk AP Biology Vertebrates: Mammals Sub-groups monotremes egg-laying mammals lack placenta & true nipples duckbilled platypus, echidna marsupials pouched mammals offspring feed from nipples in pouch short-lived placenta koala, kangaroo, opossum placental true placenta nutrient & waste filter shrews, bats, whales, humans AP Biology Vertebrate quick check… Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? Which vertebrates are covered with scales? What adaptations do birds have for flying? What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic Why must amphibians live near water? What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful? What characteristics distinguish the 3 subgroups of mammals? AP Biology That’s the buzz! Any Questions? AP Biology 2007-2008