Transcript No Slide Title

The Juvenile Justice Division of the
Child Welfare League of America
Effective Interventions for All Youth:
Is It Too Much to Ask?
________________________________________
John A. Tuell
Director, CWLA Juvenile Justice Division
“School Reaches
Into the Past to
Craft Futures”
Boat Building Lessons
Give Youths a Fresh Start
The Washington Post
April 11, 2002
Juvenile Justice Division
MISSION and VISION
The Child Welfare League of America is the nation's oldest
and largest membership-based child welfare organization.
We are committed to engaging people everywhere in promoting
the well-being of children, youth, and their families, and
protecting every child from harm.
We envision a future in which families, neighborhoods,
communities, organizations, and governments ensure that
all children and youth are provided with the resources
necessary to develop and grow into healthy, contributing
members of society.
MISSION and VISION (CONT)
The Juvenile Justice Division will serve the overall
mission of the Child Welfare League of America on
behalf of children and families involved in the
juvenile justice and child welfare systems by:
•Providing national leadership in promoting juvenile
justice and child welfare systems coordination
and integration.
•Collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information
on child welfare and juvenile justice practices and
policies that promote positive youth development.
Juvenile Justice Division
MISSION and VISION (CONT)
•Advocating for implementation of sound legislation,
policies and procedures that contribute to juvenile
justice system reform and improvement and to the
development of effective delinquency prevention
and intervention programs and practices.
•Providing consultation, training, and technical
assistance resources to implement systems integration
and reform and to implement appropriate and
effective responses to reduce juvenile delinquency
and juvenile victimization.
•Promoting the development of intra- and interagency
strategic collaborative partnerships to establish (through
demonstration projects) best practices, proven effective
strategies, and standards of excellence for the field.
Juvenile Justice Division
Office of Juvenile Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention
Office of the
Deputy
Administrator
State & Tribal
Assistance Division
Formula Grants
Program
Title V
Prevention
Challenge
Grants
JAIBG
Program
EUDL
Program
Tribal Youth
Program
NATIONAL JUVENILE CRIME TRENDS
The juvenile arrest rate for murder decreased a
remarkable 68% from 1993 to 1999.
The number of juvenile arrests have declined in every
violent crime category despite an 8% growth in the
juvenile population from 1993 to 1999.
The juvenile Violent Crime Index arrest rate (murder,
non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery and
aggravated assault) was at its lowest level since 1988 36% below its peak year in 1994.
Only One-third of 1% of juveniles ages 10-17 were
arrested for a violent crime in 1999.
Juvenile Justice Division
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
“Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report (December 2000).
NATIONAL JUVENILE CRIME TRENDS (CONT)
Between 1994 and 1999, the juvenile Property Crime
Index (burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and
arson) rate dropped nearly 30% to its lowest level since
the 1960’s.
1 in 4 reported juvenile murders in 1997 occurred in
just 5 of the United States more than 3,000 counties.
670,000 arrests of females were made in 1999. This
figure now accounts for 27% of all juvenile arrests.
Approximately 4 million youth suffer from a major
mental illness resulting in significant impairments
at home, school and with peers; it is estimated that
1 in every 5 youth (20%) in the juvenile justice system
has serious mental health problems.
Juvenile Justice Division
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
“Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report (December 2000).
NATIONAL ABUSE AND NEGLECT DATA
 There were estimated to be nearly 3,000,000
referrals for child maltreatment received in 1999,
almost one-third (29.2%) resulted in a disposition of
substantiated or indicated child maltreatment
(total of 826,000 victims nationwide)
 In 1999, an estimated 1,100 children died of abuse
and neglect, a rate of approximately 1.62 deaths per
100,000 children in the general population
 Children younger than one year accounted for 42.6%
of the child maltreatment fatalities and 86.1% were
younger than age 6 years of age
 As of September 30, 1999, there were an estimated
568,000 children in foster care
Juvenile Justice Division
Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics (5th annual report)
entitled: America’s Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2001
NATIONAL JUVENILE CRIME TRENDS
UPDATE
• The Crime Index (composed of murder, forcible rape,
robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft,
and motor vehicle theft) decreased 0.2 percent from
1999 to 2000 - the smallest year-to-year decrease in
volume since 1991.
• 3 of the nation’s 4 geographic regions experienced
decreases in crime volume (only the Western Region
experienced a 1.0% increase).
• Total juvenile arrests declined 4.8 percent from
1999 to 2000 (violent crimes - declined 4.4 % /
property crimes - declined 5.3%).
Juvenile Justice Division
U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of investigation (FBI). “Crime in
the United States 2000.” Uniform Crime Reports (October 2001).
AN UPDATE ON THE “CYCLE OF VIOLENCE”
The Connection Between Child Maltreatment and Juvenile Delinquency
Premise
Childhood victimization represents a widespread, serious
social problem. General delinquency research shows that
childhood abuse (physical and sexual) is often associated
with delinquency and that the early onset of maltreatment
may increase the variety, seriousness, and duration of
problems. It is also widely suggested that violence begets
violence - that today’s abused children become tomorrow’s
violent offenders.
Juvenile Justice Division
National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief: An Update on the Cycle of Violence
(Widom, C.S. and Maxfield, M.G. (February 2001)
AN UPDATE ON THE “CYCLE OF VIOLENCE”
The Connection Between Child Maltreatment and Juvenile Delinquency
The study followed 1,575 cases from childhood
through young adulthood comparing the arrest
records of two groups:
• Study group of 908 substantiated cases of childhood abuse or
neglect processed from the courts from 1967 through 1971 and
tracked official juvenile and criminal records.
• Comparison group of 667 children not officially recorded as
abused or neglected, matched to the study group according to
sex, age, race, and approximate family socioeconomic status.
Juvenile Justice Division
National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief: An Update on the Cycle of Violence
(Widom, C.S. and Maxfield, M.G. (February 2001)
AN UPDATE ON THE “CYCLE OF VIOLENCE”
The Connection Between Child Maltreatment and Juvenile Delinquency
Findings
•Being abused or neglected as a child increased the
likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 59 percent,as an adult
by 28 percent, and for a violent crime by 30 percent.
•Maltreated children were younger at the time of their
first arrest, committed nearly twice as many offenses,
and were arrested more frequently.
•Physically abused and neglected (versus sexually abused)
children were the most likely to be arrested later for a
violent crime.
Juvenile Justice Division
National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief: An Update on the Cycle of Violence
(Widom, C.S. and Maxfield, M.G. (February 2001)
AN UPDATE ON THE “CYCLE OF VIOLENCE”
The Connection Between Child Maltreatment and Juvenile Delinquency
•Those who had been abused or neglected as children were
more likely to be arrested as juveniles (27 percent versus
17 percent), adults (42 percent versus 33 percent), and for
a violent crime (18 percent versus 14 percent).
•Abused and neglected cases were younger at first
arrest (mean = 16.5 years versus 17.3 years), committed
nearly twice as many offenses (mean = 2.4 versus 1.4),
and were arrested more frequently (17 percent of abused
and neglected cases versus 9 percent of comparison cases
had more than five arrests).
Juvenile Justice Division
National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief: An Update on the Cycle of Violence
(Widom, C.S. and Maxfield, M.G. (February 2001)
AN UPDATE ON THE “CYCLE OF VIOLENCE”
The Connection Between Child Maltreatment and Juvenile Delinquency
This information is important because of the finding in the
general delinquency literature that shows early onset is
associated with increased variety, seriousness, and duration of
problems. Other negative outcomes may be common as well:
• Mental health concerns (suicide attempts and posttraumatic
stress disorder).
• Educational problems (extremely low IQ scores and reading
ability).
• Occupational difficulties (lack of work, high rates of
unemployment, and employment in low-level service jobs).
• Public health and safety issues (prostitution in males and
females and alcohol problems in females).
Juvenile Justice Division
National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief: An Update on the Cycle of Violence
(Widom, C.S. and Maxfield, M.G. (February 2001)
Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA)
Free Appropriate Public Education – Children cannot be
denied service because there is not enough money or
because services for certain disabilities have never before
been provided. All eligible children must be served.
Evaluation – each child must be evaluated for consideration
for special education services and the evaluation must
produce an overall picture of the child. Clearly promoting
individualized assessment.
Individualized Education Plan - each child receiving services
must have them documented in an IEP.
Least Restrictive Environment - children with disabilities must
be educated with their non-disabled peers to the “maximum
extent appropriate.”
Parents are Partners – parents are to be partners in the planning
and decision-making process, recognizing a holistic approach
to education, and
Due Process – requires hearings for disputes be conducted by
a qualified, impartial examiner.
Effective Programs, Practices, and Systemic Solutions
Nurse Home Visitation (Blueprints for Violence Prevention Series)
High/Scope Perry Preschool Project (RAND Research Brief)
Targeted Early Intervention (Institute of Criminal Justice,MN
& the Hennepin County Attorney’s Office, MN)
Project Confirm (Vera Institute of Justice, New York)
Therapeutic Intervention for Delinquent Foster Care Youth
(KY DJJ and Necco & Associates)
Wraparound Milwaukee (Milwaukee County Human Service
Department)
Iowa Decategorization Project (Iowa Division of Criminal Justice
Planning)
Maryland Youth Strategies Initiative (MD Governor’s Office of
Crime Control and Prevention [GOCCP])
NURSE HOME VISITATION
BLUEPRINTS FOR VIOLENCE SERIES
Targeted to low-income, at-risk pregnant women bearing
their first child. Designed to help women:
- improve their pregnancy outcomes
- improve the care & development of their child
- improve the women’s development (i.e., educational
achievement,
participation
the workforce,
& OF
OVERVIEW
OF THEinCURRENT
WORK
future family
planning JUSTICE DIVISION
THE JUVENILE
Outcomes for a 15 year follow-up of study v. comparison
group:
-
79%
56%
69%
44%
fewer verified reports of child abuse and neglect
fewer arrests on the part of the 15-year-old children
fewer maternal arrests
fewer behavioral problems due to alcohol and
drug abuse
- 60% fewer instances of running away and 56% fewer
days of alcohol consumption on the part of the
15-year-old children
Blueprints for violence prevention: Overview of the prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses program (fact sheet) (n.d.).
Retrieved June 25, 2001, from the University of Colorado at Boulder website: http://www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/model/ten_nurse.htm
HIGH/SCOPE PERRY PRESCHOOL ROJECT
(RAND Research Brief)
Studies examine the lives of 123 African-Americans born in
poverty and at high risk for academic failure. At ages 3 & 4,
persons were divided into 2 groups:
- study group received a high-quality, active learning
program (teachers made weekly home visits and had
monthly meetings with parents)
- control group of students received no preschool program
Outcomes for study group at age 19 years demonstrated:
- lower rates of placement in special education classes
- significantly higher scores on measures of academic
achievement & literacy
- better high school graduation rates
- lower rates of welfare assistance
TARGETED EARLY INTERVENTION PROGRAM
(Institute of Criminal Justice, MN & the
Hennepin County Attorney’s Office, MN)
Premise for Action: Between 1988-1997, arrests for very young
offenders (ages 7-12 years) charged with a violent crime increased
by 45% & juvenile court cases for these youth increased by 33%.
A Hennepin County study found that of 135 children (1995) under
the age of 10 years referred to the Juvenile Court during a 19
month period:
-
91%
70%
70%
85%
families had received public assistance
mothers in their teens at the birth of the first child
previous criminal or delinquent history of parents or siblings
families had received previous social services for substance
abuse or mental health
- 81% families had been the subject of a child protection assessment
- >50% had attendance, behavior, or learning problems in school
TARGETED EARLY INTERVENTION PROGRAM
(Institute of Criminal Justice, MN & the
Hennepin County Attorney’s Office, MN)
With these multiple risk factors present, the TEI model is
characterized by its emphasis on:
•
•
•
•
•
assessment & needs of the individual child
family functioning
integration of service delivery systems
community supports, and
long-term intervention in these multiple domains.
The TEI program is carried out by two entities:
• Integrated Service Delivery Team, and
• Primary Organizations (community-based agencies)
PROJECT CONFIRM
Vera Institute of NY & NY Administration
for Children’s Services
Premise for Action: 15% of the secure custody population (age 12-16
years) were in the child welfare system at the time of detention.
The rate was 8 times higher than the percentage of foster care youth
of the same age in the overall population (1.9%). Study also revealed
that these ACS (or foster care) youth were committing less serious
offenses.
Initial response brought together:
-
Administration for Children and Families
Family Court
Juvenile Justice System
Mental Health System
Goal: Eliminate the detention bias against foster children.
IOWA DECATEGORIZATION PROJECT
Department of Human Services & the Division
of Criminal Justice Planning
Iowa Decategorization Project started as an idea that traditional
county funding streams going into a county to support children
and family services could be consolidated into a single child
welfare fund. In 1987, the General Assembly authorized the Iowa
Department of Human Services to develop a new plan for funding
child welfare services.
Benefit to implementation: With savings realized through
utilization of less restrictive and less costly services, funding can
be redirected to develop alternative services that are more
responsive to the needs of clients and their respective communities.
IOWA DECATEGORIZATION PROJECT
Department of Human Services & the Division
of Criminal Justice Planning
Outcomes of the Decategorization Project:
- Required process operating in 57 counties serving
over 3/4 of the state population.
- More effective service delivery and resource allocation.
- More flexible development of alternative services tailored
to community needs.
Child Welfare League of America (2001). The Iowa example: Decategorization and the comprehensive strategy process. The Link, vol. 1, no. 3, 3-4.
See also Iowa Department of Human Rights, Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning (2000). Iowa comprehensive strategy for serious,
violent and chronic juvenile offenders: 1999-2000 report. Retrieved February 28, 2002, from: http://www.state.ia.us/government/dhr/cjjp/recpub.htm.